空氣分析儀,空氣環境質量測定儀,空氣環境質量監測系統,空氣檢測儀,空氣污染監測儀器,空氣污染檢測,空氣污染檢測儀,空氣污染物檢測,空氣質量檢測儀,室內空氣檢測,室內空氣質量檢測,室內檢測,
室內污染檢測,
室內空氣污染檢測,
裝修污染檢測,
室內裝修污染檢測,
空氣污染檢測,
室內環境污染檢測,室內環境檢測,室內環境污染物檢測,室內裝潢污染檢測,室內空氣質量檢測儀,室內空氣檢測儀,
空氣分析儀,空氣環境質量測定儀,空氣環境質量監測系統,空氣檢測儀,空氣污染監測儀器,空氣污染檢測,空氣污染檢測儀,空氣污染物檢測,空氣質量檢測儀,室內空氣檢測,室內空氣質量檢測,室內檢測,
室內污染檢測,
室內空氣污染檢測,
裝修污染檢測,
室內裝修污染檢測,
空氣污染檢測,
室內環境污染檢測,室內環境檢測,室內環境污染物檢測,室內裝潢污染檢測,室內空氣質量檢測儀,室內空氣檢測儀,
Table II. GB / T 18883－2002 < Indoor Air Quality Standards>
|
S.N. |
|
Parameters |
Unit |
Standards |
|
|
1 |
Physical |
Temperature |
℃ |
22—28 |
夏季空調 |
|
a |
|
|
|
16—24 |
冬季采暖 |
|
2 |
|
Humidity |
％ |
40—80 |
夏季空調 |
|
a |
|
|
|
30—60 |
冬季采暖 |
|
3 |
|
Air velocity |
M/s |
0.3 |
夏季空調 |
|
a |
|
|
|
0.2 |
冬季采暖 |
|
4 |
|
New air flow |
M3／h.p |
300 |
a |
|
5 |
Chemicals |
SO2 |
mg／NM3 |
0.50 |
1小時均值 |
|
6 |
|
NO2 |
mg／NM3 |
0.24 |
1小時均值 |
|
7 |
|
CO |
mg／NM3 |
10 |
1小時均值 |
|
8 |
|
CO2 |
％ |
0.10 |
日平均值 |
|
9 |
|
NH3 |
mg／NM3 |
0.20 |
1小時均值 |
|
10 |
|
O3 |
mg／NM3 |
0.16 |
1小時均值 |
|
11 |
|
HCHO |
mg／NM3 |
0.10 |
1小時均值 |
|
12 |
|
C6H6 |
mg／NM3 |
0.11 |
1小時均值 |
|
13 |
|
C7H8 |
mg／NM3 |
0.20 |
1小時均值 |
|
14 |
|
C8H10 |
mg／NM3 |
0.20 |
1小時均值 |
|
15 |
|
B(a)P |
mg／NM3 |
1.0 |
日平均值 |
|
16 |
|
PMl0 |
mg／NM3 |
0.15 |
日平均值 |
|
17 |
|
TVOC |
mg／NM3 |
0.60 |
8小時均值 |
|
18 |
Microbial Contamination |
TNB() |
cfu／NM3 |
2500 |
依據儀器定 |
|
19 |
Radioactivity |
Radon 222Rn |
Bq／NM3 |
400 |
年平均值 |
Table III-1. - Emissions From Building Materials or Interior Furnishings
|
Material Typical Pollutants Emitted |
|
|
Adhesives |
Alcohols |
|
Amines |
|
|
Benzene |
|
|
Decane |
|
|
Dimethylbenzene |
|
|
Formaldehyde |
|
|
Terpenes |
|
|
Toluene |
|
|
Xylenes |
|
|
Caulking Compounds |
Alcohols |
|
Alkanes |
|
|
Amines |
|
|
Benzene |
|
|
Diethylbenzene |
|
|
Formaldehyde |
|
|
Methylethylketone |
|
|
Xylenes |
|
|
Carpeting |
Alcohols |
|
Formaldehyde |
|
|
4-Methylethyl-benzene |
|
|
4-Phenylcyclohexene |
|
|
Styrene |
|
|
Ceiling Tiles |
Formaldehyde |
|
Clipboard/Particle Board |
Alcohols |
|
Alkanes |
|
|
Amines |
|
|
Benzene |
|
|
3-Carene |
|
|
Formaldehyde |
|
|
Terpenes |
|
|
Toluene |
|
|
Floor and Wall Coverings |
Acetates |
|
Alcohols |
|
|
Alkanes |
|
|
Amines |
|
|
Benzenes |
|
|
Formaldehyde |
|
|
Methyl styrene |
|
|
Xylenes |
|
|
Paints, Stains & Varnishes |
Acetates |
|
Acrylates |
|
|
Alcohols |
|
|
Alkanes |
|
|
Amines |
|
|
Benzenes |
|
|
Formaldehyde |
|
|
Limonene |
|
|
Polyurethane |
|
|
Toluene |
|
Table III-2. - Emissions From Appliances, Office Equipment and Supplies(1)
|
Appliances |
Carbon Monoxide |
|
Nitrogen Dioxide |
|
|
Sulfur Dioxide |
|
|
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons |
|
|
Carbonless Copy Paper . |
Chlorobiphenyl |
|
Cyclohexane |
|
|
Dibutylphthalate |
|
|
Formaldehyde |
|
|
Computers/Video Display Terminals |
n-Butanol |
|
2-Butanole |
|
|
2-Butoxyethanol |
|
|
Butyl-2-Methylpropyl phthalate |
|
|
Computer/Video Display Terminals |
Caprolactam |
|
Cresol |
|
|
Diisooctyl phthalate |
|
|
Dodecamethyl cyclosiloxane |
|
|
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate |
|
|
Ethylbenzene |
|
|
Hexanedioic acid |
|
|
3-Methylene-2-pentanone |
|
|
Ozone |
|
|
Phenol |
|
|
Phosphoric Acid |
|
|
Toluene |
|
|
Xylene |
|
|
Duplicating Machines |
Ethanol |
|
Methanol |
|
|
1,1,1-Trichloroethane |
|
|
Trichloroethylene |
|
|
Electrophotographic Printers, Photocopiers & Related Supplies |
Ammonia |
|
Benzaldehyde |
|
|
Benzene |
|
|
Butyl methacrylate |
|
|
Carbon black |
|
|
Cyclotrisiloxane |
|
|
Ethylbenzene |
|
|
Isopropanol |
|
|
Methylmethacrylate |
|
|
Nonanal |
|
|
Ozone |
|
|
Styrene |
|
|
Terpene |
|
|
Toluene |
|
|
1,1,1-Trichloroethane |
|
|
Trichloroethylene |
|
|
Xylenes |
|
|
Zinc stearate combustion Products |
|
|
Microfiche Developers/Blueprint Machines |
Ammonia |
|
Preprinted Paper Forms. |
Acetaldehyde |
|
Acetic Acid |
|
|
Acetone |
|
|
Acrolein |
|
|
Benzaldehyde |
|
|
Butanal |
|
|
1,5-Dimethylcyclopentene |
|
|
2-Ethyl furan |
|
|
Heptane |
|
|
Hexamethyl cyclosiloxane |
|
|
Hexanal |
|
|
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl pentanone |
|
|
Isopropanol |
|
|
Paper dust |
|
|
Propionaldehyde |
|
|
1,1,1-Trichloroethane |
|
|
Typewriter Corrections Fluid. |
Acetone |
|
1,1,1-Trichloroethane |
|
|
Footnote(1) Source [Ex. 4-33] |
|
Table III-3. - Examples of Biologicals Found in Indoor Environments(1)
|
Class |
Agent or Component |
Origin |
|
Arthopods and Insects |
Whole organism, Body parts, feces |
Furnishings, building materials, food |
|
Microbes: |
||
|
Algae |
Whole organism, cellular components |
Outdoor air, HVAC (rare) |
|
Bacteria |
Whole organism, spores and cell walls, endotoxin |
Stagnant water, floods, cooling towers, industrial processes |
|
Fungi |
Whole organism spores and hyphae toxins and volatiles |
Moist surfaces, HVAC system, bird droppings, outdoor air |
|
Protozoa |
Whole organism cellular components |
Water reservoirs, pets (rare) |
|
Viruses |
Whole organism |
humans and pets (rare) |
|
Pets |
Skin, scales danders, urine, saliva, feces |
Pets, pet litter, pet Cages, pet toys, pet bedding |
|
Plants |
Stems, leaves and pollens |
Outdoor and indoor air |
|
Footnote(1) Adapted from Ex. 4-33 |
||
Table III-4. - Indoor Air Allergens Associated With Asthma(1)
|
Class |
Typical examples |
|
Animal: |
|
|
Avian |
High and low molecular weight proteins from feathers and droppings |
|
Canine and Feline |
High and low molecular weight proteins from dander, saliva, and feces |
|
Arthropods: |
|
|
Mites, Cockroaches, |
Structural proteins, carbohydrates |
|
Crickets and Moths |
and metabolites |
|
Dusts, Particulates and Fibers: |
|
|
Household |
Pollens, fungi, danders and mites |
|
Metal |
Chromium, cobalt, nickel, platinum, and vanadium |
|
Plant |
Castor bean, coffee, cotton, flour, and grain |
|
Wood |
Oak, mahogany, redwood, red cedar |
|
Chemical Volatiles and Dusts |
Acrylates, amines, anhydrides, colophony, enzymes, epoxy resins, freon, furfuryl alcohol, resins, isocyanates, latex, organophosphates, polyvinyl chloride, vegetable gums |
|
Microbes and Microbial Products: |
|
|
Bacteria \ Bacillus spp |
|
|
Fungi |
Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Botrytis spp., Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Pullularia spp |
|
Pollens |
Agrostis spp., Alopecurus spp., Anthoxanthum spp. Cynosurus spp., Dactylis spp., Holcus spp., Lolium spp., Secale spp |
|
Footnote(1) Source: [Ex. 4-33] |
|
Table III-5. Indoor Air Contaminants Associated With Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis(1)
|
Class |
Typical Examples |
|
Animals: |
|
|
Avian |
High and low molecular weight proteins from feathers and droppings |
|
Rodent |
Low molecular weight proteins from urine and feces |
|
Arthropods: |
|
|
Weevils |
Sitophilus spp |
|
Mites |
Ascaris spp |
|
Altered Host Proteins or Chemical Hapten-Carrier Conjugates |
Amines, anhydrides, epoxy resins vegetable gums, and isocyanates |
|
Microbes: |
|
|
Bacteria |
Thermoactinomycetes spp., Bacillus spp |
|
Fungi |
Aspergillus spp., Auerobasillium spp., Cephalosporium spp., Penicillium spp |
|
Organic Dusts & Particulates: |
|
|
Wood |
Bark, Sawdust and Pollen |
|
Grain |
Arthropod- and microbially-contaminated grains and flours |
|
Cleaning Products |
Dust residues from carpet cleaning agents |
|
Footnote(1) Source: Ex. 4-33 |
|
Table III-6. - Vapor Phase Constituents of Tobacco
Smoke and Related Health Effects
|
Constituent |
Amount in MS |
Ratio in SS/MS |
Health Effects |
|
|
Carbon monoxide |
一氧化碳 |
10-23 mg |
2.5-4.7 |
Nervous system, cardiovascular system.(1) |
|
Carbon dioxide |
20-40 mg |
8-11 |
Nervous system, cardiovascular system.(1) |
|
|
Carbonyl sulfide |
12-42 ug |
0.03-0.13 |
Irritant, cardiovascular, and nervous systems.(1) |
|
|
Benzene |
12-48 ug |
5-10 |
Known human carcinogen.(3) |
|
|
Toluene |
100-200 ug |
5.6-8.3 |
Irritant, nervous system.(1) |
|
|
Formaldehyde |
70-100 ug |
0.1 -~50 |
Probable human carcinogen.(3) |
|
|
Acrolein |
60-100 ug |
8-15 |
Irritant, pulmonary.(1) |
|
|
Acetone |
100-250 ug |
2-5 |
Irritant.(1) |
|
|
Pyridine |
16-40 ug |
6.5-20 |
Irritant, nervous system, liver, kidney.(1) |
|
|
3-methylpyridine |
12-36 ug |
3-13 |
Irritant.(2) |
|
|
3-vinylpyridine |
11-30 ug |
20-40 |
Irritant.(2) |
|
|
Hydrogen cyanide |
400-500 ug |
0.1-0.25 |
Irritant, nervous, cardiovascular and pulmonary system.(1) |
|
|
Hydrazine |
32 ng |
3 |
Probable human carcinogen.(3) |
|
|
Ammonia |
50-130 ug |
3.7-5.1 |
Irritant.(1) |
|
|
Methylamine |
11.5-28.7 ug |
4.2-6.4 |
Irritant.(1) |
|
|
Dimethylamine |
7.8-10 ug |
3.7-5.1 |
Irritant |
|
|
Nitrogen oxides |
100-600 ug |
4-10 |
Pulmonary and cardiovascular system.(1) |
|
|
N-nitrosodi-menthylamine |
10-40 ng |
20-100 |
Probable human carcinogen.(3) |
|
|
N-nitrodiethylamine |
ND-25 ng |
< 40 |
Probable human carcinogen.(3) |
|
|
N-nitrosopyrrolidine |
6-30 ng |
6-30 |
Probable human carcinogen.(3) |
|
|
Formic acid |
210-490 ug |
1.4-1.6 |
Irritant, skin, kidney, liver.(1) |
|
|
Acetic acid |
330-810 ug |
1.9-3.6 |
Irritant.(1) |
|
|
Methyl chloride |
150-600 ug |
1.7-3.3 |
Nervous system.(1) |
|
|
1,3-butadiene |
69.2 ug |
3-6 |
Probable human carcinogen.(3) |
|
Footnote(1) NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Services, 1990. Ex. 4-238 |
|
Footnote(2) Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory. Ed: L. Bretherick, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1986. [Ex. 4-137] |
|
Footnote(3) EPA: Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders, 1992. [Ex. 4-311] |
Table III-7. - Particulate Phase Constituents of Tobacco Smoke and Related Health Effects
|
Constituent |
Amount in MS |
Ratio in SS/MS |
Health Effects |
|
Particulate matter contains di- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon |
15-40 mg |
1.3-1.9 |
Animal carcinogen.(4) |
|
Nicotine |
1-2.5 mg |
2.6-3.3 |
Nervous and cardiovascular system.(1) |
|
Anatabine |
2-20 ug |
< 0.01-0.5 |
N/A.(5) |
|
Phenol |
60-140 ug |
1.6-3.0 |
Irritant.(1) |
|
Catechol |
100-360 ug |
0.6-0.9 |
Irritant.(3) |
|
Hydroquinone |
110-300 ug |
0.7-0.9 |
N/A.(5) |
|
Aniline |
360 ng |
30 |
Probable human carcinogen.(4) |
|
2-Toluidine |
160 ng |
19 |
Irritant, cardiovascular system.(1) |
|
2-Naphthylamine |
1.7 ng |
30 |
Known human carcinogen.(4) |
|
4-Aminobiphenyl |
4.6 |
31 |
Known human carcinogen.(4) |
|
Benz[a]anthracene |
20-70 ng |
2-4 |
Animal carcinogen.(4) |
|
Benzo[a]pyrene |
20-40 ng |
2.5-3.5 |
Probable human carcinogen.(4) |
|
Cholesterol |
22 ug |
0.9 |
N/A.(5) |
|
gamma-butyrolactone |
10-22 ug |
3.6-5.0 |
Animal carcinogen.(4) |
|
Quinoline |
0.5-2 ug |
3-11 |
Irritant.(3) |
|
Harman [1-methyl-9H- pyrido[3,4-b]-indole |
1.7-3.1 ug |
0.7-1.7 |
N/A.(5) |
|
N-nitrosonornicotine |
200-3000 ng |
0.5-3 |
Animal carcinogen.(4) |
|
NNK [4-(N-methyl-N- nitrosamino)-1-(3- pyridyl)-1-butanone] |
100-1000 ng |
1-4 |
N/A.(5) |
|
N-nitrosodiethanolamine |
20-70 ng |
1.2 |
Probable human carcinogen.(4) |
|
Cadmium |
110 ng |
7.2 |
Probable human carcinogen.(4) |
|
Nickel |
20-80 ng |
13-30 |
Known human carcinogen.(4) |
|
Zinc |
60 ng |
6.7 |
Irritant, nausea, vomiting.(2) |
|
Polonium-210 |
0.04-0.1 pC |
1.04.0 |
Known human carcinogen.(4) |
|
Benzoic acid |
14-28 ug |
0.67-0.95 |
Irritant. |
|
Lactic acid |
63-174 ug |
0.5-0.7 |
Irritant.(3) |
|
Glycolic acid |
37-126 ug |
0.60.95 |
Irritant.(2) |
|
Succinic acid |
110-140 ug |
0.43-0.62 |
N/A.(5) |
|
PCDD's and PCDF's(6) |
1 pg |
2 |
N/A.(5) |
|
Footnote(1) NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Services, 1990. Ex. 4-238. |
|||
|
Footnote(2) The Merck Index, 10th Edition, Merck & Co., Inc., 1983. Ex. 4-220. |
|||
|
Footnote(3) Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory. Ed: L. Bretherick, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1986. [Ex. 4-137] |
|||
|
Footnote(4) EPA: Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders, 1992. [Ex. 4-311] |
|||
|
Footnote(5) N/A-Relevant information not available. |
|||
|
Footnote(6) PCDDs-Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins; PCDFs-Polychlorinated dibenzofurans. |
|||
Table III-10. Mean Nicotine Levels in Home and Workplace Air: Area Monitors(1)
|
Study and location |
Sample |
ug/m(3) |
Comment |
|
Leaderer and Hammond 1991, homes, NY State |
47 |
2.17 |
7-day average smoking |
|
Hammond [3-1096] Mass., industrial |
|
24 |
9-hour average workshift (nonsmoker's air; smoking allowed on premises) |
|
White collar |
60 |
21.5 |
|
|
Blue collar |
123 |
8.9 |
|
|
Food service |
51 |
10.3 |
|
|
Carson (1988), offices, Canada |
31 |
11 |
Workday samples |
|
Miesner (1989) workplaces, MA |
11 |
6.6 |
Workweek average |
|
Oldaker (1990), restaurants, NC |
33 |
10.5 |
1-hour average (range) |
|
Jenkins (1991), Knoxville, TN, metro |
|
|
1-hour average |
|
Restaurants |
7 |
3.4 |
|
|
Cocktail lounges |
8 |
17.6 |
|
|
Bowling alleys |
4 |
10.7 |
|
|
Gaming parlors |
2 |
10.7 |
|
|
Laundromats |
3 |
2.0 |
|
|
Airport gates |
2 |
6.0 |
|
|
Office |
1 |
6.0 |
|
|
Nagda (1989), U.S. Aircraft-in-flight average: |
|||
|
All flights |
69 |
13.4 |
Smoking section |
|
Domestic |
61 |
0.11 |
Nonsmoking section |
|
International |
8 |
0.33 |
Nonsmoking section. |
|
Vaughn (1990), highrise office building |
1 |
2.0 |
Nonsmoking air; 9-hour average |
|
Footnote(1) Adapted from Repace and Lowrey 1993 [Ex. 4-263] |
|||
Table III-11. - Nicotine in Nonsmokers' Air: Personal Monitors(1)
|
Study and Location |
Sample |
ug/m(3) |
Comment |
|
Schenker (1990), railroad clerks, NE |
40 |
6.9 |
Workshift median |
|
Coultas (1990), white collar, NM |
15 |
20.4 |
Workshift mean +/- SD |
|
Mattson (1989);flight attendants |
4 |
4.7 |
4 flights, mean +/- SD |
|
Footnote(1) Adapted from Repace and Lowrey 1993 [Ex. 4-263] |
|||
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